ANSES (2019): Additif alimentaire E 171: l'Anses réitère ses recommandations pour la sécurité des consommateurs, Journal officiel de la République Francaise du 25 avril 2019https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/additif-alimentaire-e171-l%E2%80%99anses-r%C3%A9it%C3%A8re-ses-recommandations-pour-la-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-des
ANSES (2019): AVIS de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif aux risques liés à l’ingestion de l’additif alimentaire E 171. Saisine n° 2019-SA-0036. Maisons-Alfort, le 12 avril 2019.https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/ERCA2019SA0036.pdf
Bettini S, Boutet-Robinet E, Cartier C, Coméra C, Gaultier E, Dupuy J, et al. (2017): Food-grade TiO2 impairs intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis, initiates preneoplastic lesions and promotes aberrant crypt development in the rat colon. Scientific Reports; 7:40373 doi: 10.1038/srep40373.
BfR (2018): 21. Sitzung der BfR-Kommission für Bedarfsgegenstände - Protokoll vom 7. November 2018http://m.bfr-meal-studie.de/cm/343/21-sitzung-der-bfr-kommission-fuer-bedarfsgegenstaende.pdf
BfR (2011), Beurteilung eines möglichen Krebsrisikos von Nanomaterialien und von aus Produkten freigesetzten Nanopartikeln, Stellungnahme 005/2011 des BfR und UBA vom 15. April 2010https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/beurteilung_eines_moeglichen_krebsrisikos_von_nanomaterialien_und_von_aus_produkten_freigesetzten_nanopartikeln.pdf
BfR (2010), Sonnenschutzmittel: Zinkoxid als UV-Filter ist nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand gesundheitlich unbedenklich, Stellungnahme Nr. 037/2010 des BfR vom 18. Juni 2010https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/sonnenschutzmittel_zinkoxid_als_uv_filter_ist_nach_derzeitigem_kenntnisstand_gesundheitlich_unbedenklich.pdf
Donner E.M., Myhre A., Brown S.C., Boatman R., and Warheit D.B. (2016): In vivo micronucleus studies with 6 titanium dioxide materials (3 pigment-grade & 3 nanoscale) in orally-exposed rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 74, 64-74 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.003
ECHA (2017)https://echa.europa.eu/-/titanium-dioxide-proposed-to-be-classified-as-suspected-of-causing-cancer-when-inhaled
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2016): Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of titanium dioxide (E 171) as a food additive. EFSA Journal;14(9):4545, 83 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4545https://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/4545
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2018): Evaluation of four new studies on the potential toxicity of titanium dioxide used as a food additive (E 171). EFSA Journal; 16(7):5366, doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5366https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5366
EFSA (2019): EFSA statement on the review on the risks related to the exposure to the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) performed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). EFSA Journal 2019; 17 (6): 5714, 11 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5714https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5714
EFSA FAF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings) (2019a) Scientific opinion on the proposed amendment of the EU specifications for titanium dioxide (E 171) with respect to the inclusion of additional parameters related to its particle size distribution. EFSA Journal 2019;17(7):5760, 23 pphttps://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/5760
EU-Kommission (2020): 14. ATP (Delegierte Verordnung (EU) 2020/217) zur CLP-Verordnung ((EG)1272/2008). Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 2020, L44/14https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R0217&from=DE
EU-Kommission (2020): Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Request for a scientific opinion on Titanium dioxide used in cosmetic productshttps://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs2016_q_043.pdf
EU-Kommission (2018): Verordnung (EU) 2018/1881 der Kommission. Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 2018, L 308/1https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1881&from=EN
EU-Kommission (2011): Empfehlung der Kommission vom 18. Oktober 2011 zur Definition von Nanomaterialien (2011/696/EU)https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011H0696&from=DE
Guo Z, Martucci N, Moreno-Olivas F, Tako E and Mahler G (2017): Titanium dioxide nanoparticle ingestion alters nutrient absorption in an in vitro model of the small intestine. NanoImpact, 5, 70-82 doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.01.002.
Heringa MB, Geraets L, vanEijkeren JCH, Vandebriel RJ, deJong W and Oomen AG (2016): Risk assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles via oral exposure, including toxicokinetic considerations. Nanotoxicology, 10 doi: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2010): “Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc,” in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 93, International Agency for Research Francehttps://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono93.pdf
Kreyling WG, Holzwarth U, Haberl N, et al. (2017): Quantitative biokinetics of titanium dioxide nanoparticles after intratracheal instillation in rats: Part 3. Nanotoxicology, Published online 03 April 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1306894
Louro H., Tavares A., Vital N., Costa P.M., Alverca E., Zwart E., Jong W.H., Fessard V., Lavinha J., and Silva M.J. (2014): Integrated approach to the in vivo genotoxic effects of a titanium dioxide nanomaterial using LacZ plasmid-based transgenic mice. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 55 (6), 500-509 doi:10.1002/em.21864
Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances (2019): Arrêté du 17 avril 2019 portant sur la suspension de la mise en marché des denrées contenant l'additif E 171 (dioxyde de titane - TiO2)https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000038410047
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2011): Current Intelligence Bulletin 63: Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide, Aprilhttps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-160/pdfs/2011-160.pdf
NCI (1979): BIOASSAY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY. National Cancer Institute. Carcinogenesis. Technical Report Series 97 (NCI-CG-TR-97)https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr097.pdf
Proquin H, Rodriguez-Ibarra C, Moonen CG, Urrutia-Ortega IM, Briede JJ, de Kok TM, van Loveren H and Chirino Y (2017): Titanium dioxide food additive (E 171) induces ROS formation and genotoxicity: contribution of micro and nano-sized fractions. Mutagenesis, 32, 139-149 doi:10.1093/mutage/gew051
Ruiz PA, Morón B, Becker HM, Lang S, Atrott K, Spalinger MR, et al. (2016): Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbate DSS-induced colitis: Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310297
Weir, A., Westerhoff, P., Fabricius, L., Hristovski, K. & von Goetz, N. (2012): Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products. Environ Sci Technol 46, 2242-2250 doi:10.1021/es204168d
About the BfR
The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) is a scientifically independent institution within the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) in Germany. It advises the German federal government and German federal states ("Laender") on questions of food, chemical and product safety. The BfR conducts its own research on topics that are closely linked to its assessment tasks.
This text version is a translation of the original German text which is the only legally binding version.
ANSES (2019): Additif alimentaire E 171: l'Anses réitère ses recommandations pour la sécurité des consommateurs, Journal officiel de la République Francaise du 25 avril 2019https://www.anses.fr/fr/content/additif-alimentaire-e171-l%E2%80%99anses-r%C3%A9it%C3%A8re-ses-recommandations-pour-la-s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9-des
ANSES (2019): AVIS de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif aux risques liés à l’ingestion de l’additif alimentaire E 171. Saisine n° 2019-SA-0036. Maisons-Alfort, le 12 avril 2019.https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/ERCA2019SA0036.pdf
Bettini S, Boutet-Robinet E, Cartier C, Coméra C, Gaultier E, Dupuy J, et al. (2017): Food-grade TiO2 impairs intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis, initiates preneoplastic lesions and promotes aberrant crypt development in the rat colon. Scientific Reports; 7:40373 doi: 10.1038/srep40373.
BfR (2018): 21. Sitzung der BfR-Kommission für Bedarfsgegenstände - Protokoll vom 7. November 2018http://m.bfr-meal-studie.de/cm/343/21-sitzung-der-bfr-kommission-fuer-bedarfsgegenstaende.pdf
BfR (2011), Beurteilung eines möglichen Krebsrisikos von Nanomaterialien und von aus Produkten freigesetzten Nanopartikeln, Stellungnahme 005/2011 des BfR und UBA vom 15. April 2010https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/beurteilung_eines_moeglichen_krebsrisikos_von_nanomaterialien_und_von_aus_produkten_freigesetzten_nanopartikeln.pdf
BfR (2010), Sonnenschutzmittel: Zinkoxid als UV-Filter ist nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand gesundheitlich unbedenklich, Stellungnahme Nr. 037/2010 des BfR vom 18. Juni 2010https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/sonnenschutzmittel_zinkoxid_als_uv_filter_ist_nach_derzeitigem_kenntnisstand_gesundheitlich_unbedenklich.pdf
Donner E.M., Myhre A., Brown S.C., Boatman R., and Warheit D.B. (2016): In vivo micronucleus studies with 6 titanium dioxide materials (3 pigment-grade & 3 nanoscale) in orally-exposed rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 74, 64-74 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.003
ECHA (2017)https://echa.europa.eu/-/titanium-dioxide-proposed-to-be-classified-as-suspected-of-causing-cancer-when-inhaled
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2016): Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of titanium dioxide (E 171) as a food additive. EFSA Journal;14(9):4545, 83 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4545https://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/4545
EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food) (2018): Evaluation of four new studies on the potential toxicity of titanium dioxide used as a food additive (E 171). EFSA Journal; 16(7):5366, doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5366https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5366
EFSA (2019): EFSA statement on the review on the risks related to the exposure to the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) performed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES). EFSA Journal 2019; 17 (6): 5714, 11 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5714https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/5714
EFSA FAF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings) (2019a) Scientific opinion on the proposed amendment of the EU specifications for titanium dioxide (E 171) with respect to the inclusion of additional parameters related to its particle size distribution. EFSA Journal 2019;17(7):5760, 23 pphttps://www.efsa.europa.eu/de/efsajournal/pub/5760
EU-Kommission (2020): 14. ATP (Delegierte Verordnung (EU) 2020/217) zur CLP-Verordnung ((EG)1272/2008). Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 2020, L44/14https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32020R0217&from=DE
EU-Kommission (2020): Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Request for a scientific opinion on Titanium dioxide used in cosmetic productshttps://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs2016_q_043.pdf
EU-Kommission (2018): Verordnung (EU) 2018/1881 der Kommission. Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union 2018, L 308/1https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R1881&from=EN
EU-Kommission (2011): Empfehlung der Kommission vom 18. Oktober 2011 zur Definition von Nanomaterialien (2011/696/EU)https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011H0696&from=DE
Guo Z, Martucci N, Moreno-Olivas F, Tako E and Mahler G (2017): Titanium dioxide nanoparticle ingestion alters nutrient absorption in an in vitro model of the small intestine. NanoImpact, 5, 70-82 doi: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.01.002.
Heringa MB, Geraets L, vanEijkeren JCH, Vandebriel RJ, deJong W and Oomen AG (2016): Risk assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles via oral exposure, including toxicokinetic considerations. Nanotoxicology, 10 doi: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2010): “Carbon black, titanium dioxide, and talc,” in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 93, International Agency for Research Francehttps://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono93.pdf
Kreyling WG, Holzwarth U, Haberl N, et al. (2017): Quantitative biokinetics of titanium dioxide nanoparticles after intratracheal instillation in rats: Part 3. Nanotoxicology, Published online 03 April 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2017.1306894
Louro H., Tavares A., Vital N., Costa P.M., Alverca E., Zwart E., Jong W.H., Fessard V., Lavinha J., and Silva M.J. (2014): Integrated approach to the in vivo genotoxic effects of a titanium dioxide nanomaterial using LacZ plasmid-based transgenic mice. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 55 (6), 500-509 doi:10.1002/em.21864
Ministère de l'Economie et des Finances (2019): Arrêté du 17 avril 2019 portant sur la suspension de la mise en marché des denrées contenant l'additif E 171 (dioxyde de titane - TiO2)https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000038410047
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2011): Current Intelligence Bulletin 63: Occupational Exposure to Titanium Dioxide, Aprilhttps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2011-160/pdfs/2011-160.pdf
NCI (1979): BIOASSAY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE FOR POSSIBLE CARCINOGENICITY. National Cancer Institute. Carcinogenesis. Technical Report Series 97 (NCI-CG-TR-97)https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr097.pdf
Proquin H, Rodriguez-Ibarra C, Moonen CG, Urrutia-Ortega IM, Briede JJ, de Kok TM, van Loveren H and Chirino Y (2017): Titanium dioxide food additive (E 171) induces ROS formation and genotoxicity: contribution of micro and nano-sized fractions. Mutagenesis, 32, 139-149 doi:10.1093/mutage/gew051
Ruiz PA, Morón B, Becker HM, Lang S, Atrott K, Spalinger MR, et al. (2016): Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbate DSS-induced colitis: Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Gut doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310297
Weir, A., Westerhoff, P., Fabricius, L., Hristovski, K. & von Goetz, N. (2012): Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products. Environ Sci Technol 46, 2242-2250 doi:10.1021/es204168d
About the BfR
The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) is a scientifically independent institution within the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) in Germany. It advises the German federal government and German federal states ("Laender") on questions of food, chemical and product safety. The BfR conducts its own research on topics that are closely linked to its assessment tasks.
This text version is a translation of the original German text which is the only legally binding version.